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Archive for February, 2014

Mills Jones is not the problem: Repair the flawed Liberian political system

Tewroh-Wehtoe Sungbeh J. Mills Jones

 

Central Bank Governor J. Mills Jones, who is not known for his politics, sent shockwaves into the heart of Liberian politics when his aggressive act of doling out micro loans to businesses came under attack from some legislators who saw it as a way of influencing potential voters and preparing him for the 2017 Liberian presidential race.

So troubled by Jones’ supposedly ‘covert’ gesture of implementing a key policy of his institution, the Liberian legislature, headed by Speaker Tyler, Senate Pro-tempore Gbezohngar Milton Findley, and other key members are mad as hell and are threatening to audit the Central Bank of Liberia.

As if the threat to audit the Central Bank of Liberia is not enough, Mr. Tyler and his colleagues also threatened to call for an amendment of the Act that created the Central Bank of Liberia.

Tyler and friends want to review it, and perhaps control and micromanage the internal functions of the bank as it relates to decision-making.

The emotional outbursts and mindless overreaction by these grown men and women who jumped all over themselves to act recklessly on Mills Jones’ unannounced presidential aspirations did not stop there.

The toothless and mostly Monrovia-based legislative body known for rampant corruption and overpaying itself for doing nothing, quickly jumped on the notion of voting on a selectively discriminatory senate bill that distinguishes itself as a “Stop Mills Jones Bill.”

Those legislators want us to believe that Mills Jones cynically manipulated the micro loan program at the Central Bank, when he gave out micro loans to struggling businesses to influence the 2017 presidential elections.

In their painfully narrow legislative minds, however, this is a ‘violation’ that warrants enacting a law that forbids such practice.

Part of the new law reads below:

“The Executive Governor of the Central Bank of Liberia and members of the Board of Governors are prohibited from contesting political office(s) while serving in their respective offices and shall not be qualified to contest any elected office within three years consecutively after the expiration of their tenure with the CBL.”

This particular law doesn’t make any sense at all; and it ought to be re-written or put in the trash bin.

The law is discriminatory and targets an individual, a bank Governor whom in the minds of most Liberians is doing exactly what he was hired to do; to help struggling businesses with micro loans. For those reasons alone, he shouldn’t be punished.

Truth is the recently enacted law is an embarrassingly terrible law with national implications that has traces of incompetence and pretentiousness in it.

Simply put, you don’t get fired for doing a good job.

However, if your boss thinks you deviated from policy when you failed to follow the proper procedures in implementing a policy, you are either asked to do it right the next time, you are reprimanded or fired.

As it is done in the US and in other developed countries, laws are put in place that bars former employees from lobbying their former employers for X number of years after leaving a particular job.

The law was implemented across the board to protect the interest of organizations from conflict of interest, and also to discourage those with inside knowledge of their former employers from quickly benefiting from what they know.

It is not a targeted law intended to pursue a particular person because of a narrow belief that the individual is a presidential favorite who has future presidential aspirations, as it is being whispered in Liberian political circles that Mills Jones is the heir apparent to the presidency.

If Mr. Jones is Madam Ellen Johnson Sirleaf’s choice to succeed her in 2017, the right thing to do is to organize and formulate a unified winning strategy to defeat Mr. Jones.

Enacting a targeted law as if Mills Jones is not a Liberian, is discriminatory and un-Liberian.

However, the paranoid in Liberia right now stemming from the mindless illusion that J. Mills Jones, Central Bank Governor – quiet, bookworm – some will say ‘intellectual’ who perhaps never ran anything significant other than the institution he now heads, and has never dabbled into anything resembling organized national politics, suddenly has presidential aspirations to succeed Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in 2017, is mind boggling.

The Central Bank of Liberia was established by an Act of the Liberian Legislature in l999 to do among other things, do business with non-financial institutions to “foster monetary, credit and financial conditions conducive to orderly, balanced and sustained economic growth and development; management of aggregate credit in the economy by indirect means, by loan securitization, purchase and sale of securities, transactions in derivatives and foreign exchange and through the establishment of required reserves of commercial banks under its jurisdiction.”

I certainly will be on the side of those legislators right now demanding that Mills Jones be reprimanded if the decision to disburse those micro loans to struggling businesses were made singularly, and not with the consent of his five-member Board of Governors.

The question now is, did Mr. Jones put this crucial policy decision to a vote and got the blessings of his colleagues before implementing it? And did Alex Tyler and company rushed to act only to do more harm to the system?

J. Mills Jones, as far as I am concerned, is not a political threat; and seriously, is not the problem.

The problem is the flawed Liberian political system. It needs a complete overhaul.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cristiano Ronaldo, a rising advertising icon

By Clemente Ferrer Cristiano Ronaldo

 

Cristiano Ronaldo (pictured) shows the FIFA Ballon d’Or 2013 , the award for best player in the world granted each year . It is the second time for the Portuguese, who had already won this award in 2008. In Facebook the player has left the following message , which has already more than 1,200,000 “likes:”

“Very proud to win the Ballon d’Or for the second time, it means so much to me. I thank my teammates”.

Moreover, Leo Messi is the player who earns more money with advertising , beating Cristiano Ronaldo and the retired David Beckham , says the agency Euromericas Sport Marketing. The Argentine earns about $ 57 million , compared with 51 for the Portuguese and 55 for the British .

Cristiano Ronaldo is a star on and off the field. On the lawn he is a very competitive player, which has led him to be at the podium of the best players in the world . And the advertising goes to the call of his popularity. The Portuguese has starred in numerous campaigns for banks and clothing firms .

Now the Real Madrid player has spent on foodstuff. Cristiano Ronaldo participates in Bimbo Mexico last campaign in which the player is forced to change his name. A consultant recommends a new name; Cristian Orlando.

However, the prestigious U.S. magazine AdAge, has conducted a research with television spots in the U.S. and it has been found that ads with famous have below effectiveness than the average advertising campaigns. While 12% of the ads with celebrities achieved a growth of 10%, one in five had negative advertising consequences because of some scandal in the personal lives of the famous starring the spot.

Consumers today are not the same as five years ago and, therefore, what has had success before, now is gone. Today, consumers are more influenced by the social networks than by a famous, with whom they have no relationship.

In this situation, companies should consider how to avoid spending the large sums paid to celebrities, and to spent them instead to make great creations that have an effective message.

[email protected] Author and journalist Clemente Ferrer has led a distinguished career in Spain in the fields of advertising and public relations. He is currently President of the European Institute of Marketing.

Abolish February 11 Holiday

By Arthur B. Dennis, MPA, MSW Arthur B. Dennis

 

On January 26, 1957, the National Legislature enacted a law marking February 11 each year a National Holiday, to honor President Arthur Barclay and citizens who dislodged Major Mckay Cadell’s Monrovia invasion on February 11, 1909.

Major Cadell event that gave birth to February 11 holiday

It began in 1871 with a default Loan of $500,000 under President Edward J. Roye and ended in 1906 under President Arthur Barclay, when an agreement was signed between the government of Liberia and the British financiers in London. The agreement called for the creation of a standing army to collect taxes and other revenues to pay back the British loans. The agreement further provided that the army be commanded by British officers.

On February 6, 1908, the Liberian National Legislature passed an Act creating the new army, known and styled “Liberian Frontier Force (LFF).” One Captain Mckay Cadell, a British Army Officer serving on duty in Sierra Leone, was appointed and promoted to the rank of Major to command the Army. He arrived in Liberia with two British officers, along with over hundred indigenous Sierra Leonean soldiers; mostly from the Mendi tribe wearing British style uniforms and caps—all stamped with the emblems and seals of the British Monarchy. The local citizens in Monrovia were terrified by their strange military attires.

Upon arrival, Major Cadell told the government authorities in Monrovia that he was appointed by the British Colonial Office in London; as such, he would take orders directly from London. And truly, throughout the period of his service, Major Cadell defiantly refused to be supervised by the Government of Liberia.

In the months that followed, Major Cadell appointed himself to the positions of City Mayor, Police Inspector, and Tax Collector. He unilaterally ordered the construction of the soldiers’ barracks exactly where the Executive Mansion stands today. The barracks was later named “Camp Johnson” in honor of the Hilary Wright Johnson family who donated the land for construction. Camp Johnson Road was also named after Camp Johnson Barracks.

On February 5, 1909, the British Consular General in Liberia, Captain Braitwaite Wallis informed the British government that a mutiny was brewing in the Liberian Army. The term“mutiny” as used in military service, refers to a rebellion or revolt against a constituted authority by soldiers. On the next morning following the news of the mutiny, people woke up in surprise and saw a British warship at the Port of Monrovia heavily armed and ready for war. News report reaching the Government of Liberia also revealed that Major Cadell had dug a 6-foot fox holes around the barracks, with machine guns pointing directly towards the city.

After doing so, Major Cadell submitted a letter to President Barclay as well to the National Legislature, threatening violence if his soldiers pay arrears were not addressed. While the government was looking into the matter, Major Cadell soldiers took the streets in violent protest, demanding pay arrears or else, they would take the law into their own hands. By then, President Barclay had received credible news report of a possible military coup. President Barclay ordered Major Cadell to resign. But he refused. By evening time, the writing on the wall for a violent regime change was crystal clear everywhere in Monrovia.

President Barclay ordered the Fifth Militia Regiment as well as all able-bodied citizens in Monrovia to take up arms and defend the country. The Fifth Regiment quickly assembled under one Col. Isaac Mort and deployed on the streets as well as around the barracks of the rebel soldiers. Citizens in local communities in Monrovia also took up machetes and other weapons of war to fight the rebel soldiers. In the final analysis, Major Cadell and his rebel soldiers surrendered and ordered to leave the country.

On March 4, 1909, the U. S. government dispatched a fact-finding commission to investigate the February 11 event in Liberia. The Commission’s report, among other things, recommended that the Liberian Army be reorganized and trained by U. S. Army officers. In 1912, a team of U. S. Army officers commanded by Col. Charles B. Young arrived in Liberia to perform the reorganization and training task recommended in the U. S. commission’s report.

Liberia’s Philosophy of a Standing Army

History tells us that the Founding Fathers of Liberia landed January 7, 1822 and were under constant attacks by native tribes. Yet, after independence in 1847, they had no plan whatsoever to establish a standing army. Largely because they maintained the fears harbored by American Founding Fathers.

During the early period of their independence, American Founding Fathers expressed fears that a standing army would pose a threat to their democracy and individual liberty; as such, they would prefer to maintain a fee for service citizen-militia in peacetime. In time of crisis, the citizen-militia would be mobilized to defend the nation, and would be demobilized after the crisis was over. This was the first American philosophy about a standing army.

However, in the end, they resolved to establish a small peacetime standing army to be expanded by mobilization of able-bodied citizens to defend the nation in time of crisis. They also resolved that the army be subject to civilian control under the command of the President as Commander-in-Chief to monitor their activities.

Our Founding Fathers, for their part, maintained a peacetime citizen-militia for national defense. However, after the Liberian Army completed the U. S. Army reorganization and training program, Liberia adopted the American philosophy of a small peacetime army to be expanded by citizen-militia in time of crisis.

Abolish February 11 Holiday

February 11, 1909 event has positive and negative sides. The positive side was the heroic deeds of the citizens who took up arms and dislodged Major Cadell and his rebel soldiers. The negative side was the military revolt planned and executed by active duty-soldiers of the Army to destabilize the very country they took oath to defend. Though it was the very first military revolt against a democratically-elected government in Liberia, it confirmed the fears our Founding Fathers maintained against the creation of a standing army.

The second military revolt was the April 12, 1980 coup. April 12 was declared a national holiday but was later abolished. The argument raised against this holiday was that April 12 is one of the negative events in history that seeks to divide the nation; as such, it should only be preserved for the purpose of history, not celebration. By doing so, Liberians would learn from history and be guided against the issues that triggered the April 12 military revolt. Many citizens also raised the same argument against Matilda Newport Holiday, and it was abolished.

Therefore, if we continue to celebrate February 11 as a holiday, critical thinkers would believe we are celebrating the major incident of the February 11, 1909 event, which is the military revolt against a democratically-elected government. In our view, the citizens who dislodged Major Cadell and his rebel soldiers should be honored not with a special holiday but with a “symbolic recognition” to be remembered in history. They were civilians who took up arms and performed their patriotic duties in accordance with the national defense law, requiring all able-bodied citizens to defend the country in time of emergency.

Moreover, the Special Holiday Honor for national patriotic service will open a pandora’s box. Because during the civil conflict, every citizen group who took arms claimed they were defending the country. Even if it were true as claimed, they were doing so in keeping with the national defense law. As such, there is no need to honor any of them with a special holiday for their so-called patriotic duties.

Therefore, February 11 Holiday should be completely abolished in order to send a strong message to future generations that Liberians are no longer prepared to welcome or celebrate anymore military revolt or politically-motivated violence or insurrection designed to divide this nation. We seek nothing less than a peaceful democratic change and the Constitution should be a Bible for all of us.

To replace February 11, Defense and AFL authorities should return to the drawing board and come up with a new Armed Forces Day celebration for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. On August 31, 1949, the U. S. Defense and military authorities came up with their own day and announced the creation of a single Armed Forces Day (May 20) for the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps.

 

About the Author: Arthur B. Dennis is a retired Army Brigadier-General residing in New Jersey. He can be reached at 609-328-5260 or [email protected].

Mary Broh’s part of the problem

By Tewroh-Wehtoe Sungbeh Mary T. Broh

 

Mary Broh is in the news again.

The discredited Supreme Court of Liberia, not known historically for its neutrality and independence, ruled that the House of Representatives and the Ministry of Justice violated the rights of the acerbic former interim Monrovia City Mayor and presidential friend, Mary Broh, when those institutions ordered her jailed for contempt and obstruction of justice.

The Supreme Court’s long-awaited ruling, which reporter Moses Owen Browne Jr., chronicled in a recent piece, hinted that Ms. Broh’s brand of civil disobedience and obstruction of justice, which led to the contempt charge from the House of Representatives is in no way unlawful, because the lower court lacked the jurisdiction to imprison an individual for contempt, and “can be turned over to the judiciary for punishment.”

In 2013, the House of Representatives ordered then-Montserrado County Superintendent Grace Kpan jailed for her failure to pay a fine, to reinstate the chairman of the project management committee of Montserrado County, and was also ordered to put into one account development funds appropriated for her county.

Ms. Kpan’s failure to comply with the instructions from the House of Representatives led that body to ordered her jailed.

However, as Ms. Kpan was being led to prison by law enforcement, it was reported that Mary Broh took matters into her own hands when she led group of women to attack and prevent law enforcement from taking Ms. Kpan to prison.

At the end of the day, Ms. Kpan was never imprisoned; and was taken away from the scene into the waiting arms of Ms. Broh and her friends.

Mary Broh’s bad behavior led President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, her best friend, who was out of the country visiting neighboring Sierra Leone at the time to played conveniently to the cameras and public opinion by having Ms. Broh suspended.

The suspension of Mary Broh did not last long.

Because after the cameras were gone and the public moved on to other equally important things in their lives, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, known for her fierce loyalty to her many friends, reappointed Mary Broh in March 2013 to head the Projects Implementation Unit of the Omega Village Project.

Sirleaf later appointed Mary Broh Director-General of the General Services Agency, in September 2013.

There is this widely held public perception that Mary Taryonnoh Broh is a no-nonsense public servant, and the go-to person who can get the job done when the job really has to get done.

She’s aggressive and defiant, undiplomatic and unapologetic, abrasive and highly offensive; and along the way can get feelings hurt and spirits destroyed to get the job done.

Those qualities, I guess are Mary Broh’s appeal.

According to her supporters, a cold and brutal reputation of that kind is needed to awaken a sleepy and stubborn population that continues to remain lethargic through a period of reformation in a post-war society that gave the nation its first female elected president.

However, in a traumatized post-war society such as Liberia with a large population of poor and uneducated people, and victims still hurting, and some finding it difficult to recover from that 14-year senseless civil war, an offensive and abrasive law breaker such as Mary Broh is not the solution, but part of the problem.

That’s why I find it extremely difficult comprehending the popularity of Mary Broh. Is she popular because she hides behind her highly offensive and abusive behavior to get the job done?

Are we a group of people who enjoys being abused by our tormentor; and in the wake of that abusive relationship continued to hold on to our abuser by justifying the abuse and refusing to escape?

I am not a fan; and I abhor the abusive tactics of “General” Broh for the reasons listed above.

I live in metro Atlanta. As is the case in most major cities in democratic societies worldwide, there are city ordinances that are enforced vigorously.

Those ordinances remained intact for the next generation when the mayor leave office, and are amended when necessary.

Never in my life living in the U. S. have I ever heard or seen my city mayor leave his or her office to harass, intimidate, ridicule, physically assault citizens, and destroy stalls and abandoned homes in the name of cleaning my city.

Again, that’s the purpose of an ordinance – sets of laws and regulations that protect a city from the excesses of its citizens.

Also, there is an organizational structure, with deputy mayor (in some cities) department heads, managers, supervisors and sanitation crews empowered to carry out the various functions in city government.

Why not put in place the same department structure in Liberia? If the structure is there, why not implement and enforce it? And if the city official responsible for his or her section failed to carry out their official duties, the individual ought to be fired, period.

Why put so much power in the hands of one person, in this case, Mary Broh, who has since left and carried her despotic act to the General Services Agency?

Now that Mary Broh is no longer at city hall, what becomes of the city of Monrovia? That’s why we need policies in place so that a city or a ministry will not look up to an individual to enforce the laws of the land.

Had there been in place in the Monrovia City government an enforceable ordinance, zoning laws and code enforcement policies, Mary Broh would not have taken the law into her hands by being so rude and draconian.

That’s why city ordinances are important so that individuals will not take the law into their hands. Government officials are also expected to provide law enforcement (without interference) the power, support and tools to enforce the laws of the land evenly, and without prejudice.

At GSA, some Liberians are once again applauding Ms. Broh’s aggressive tactics of taking government vehicles off the streets from government officials after working hours.

The question now is what is the existing official Liberian government policy regarding the unauthorized use of government vehicles by government officials after working hours?

Is there any organizational structure at GSA? Any Fleet Manager – the individual responsible for the issuance and repair of government vehicles? Why not allow the individual to do his or her job, and let Mary Broh do her job as the administrative political head of the agency?

The Liberian nation cannot grow and prosper when existing laws and policies are not effectively implemented and enforced, and are left to the fancy of an individual to implement policies they way they so desired.

Just as it is on the national level with an unaccountable imperial president, the ministries and various agencies cannot continue to be led by imperial managers.

As a presidential friend, Mary Broh is untouchable, which is bad for Liberia’s fledgling democracy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Proper institutional alignment: A case of Early Warning System for Disaster Management in Liberia

By Morris T. Koffa, Sr. Liberia natural disaster

 

According to FrontPageAfricaonline (January 2014), an Early Warning System (EWS) project was officially launched in Liberia to provide climate information and services” to the nation’s vulnerable population.

At a cost of almost $7 million, and for four years, the lead implementers of the EWS project are the Ministry of Transportation (MoT), and the Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia (EPA-L).

It must be applauded that Global Environmental Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the Government of Liberia (GoL) are funding this project considering the high level of disaster vulnerabilities in most of the communities in Liberia (UNDP, 2010).

Lately, flooding, windstorms, sea erosion and other types of climate variability have been on the rise with massive destruction to vulnerable communities. An effective EWS can help reduce the impact of various magnitudes, which is good news for the disaster/emergency community.

The role of EWS to forecast potential dangers cannot be overemphasized. It identifies and maps out potential risks as to the frequency of vulnerability for which appropriate measures are taken to avert or minimize disaster impacts. It is further regarded as an integrated and holistic risk management system that must be government-centered, business-centered and community-centered to confront the power of natural and anthropogenic hazards in a collective context based on the level of vulnerabilities in prone or threatened communities.

An EWS is a precursor and a direct function of disaster-related issues that have complexities; therefore, it needs to be tied to the appropriate entity, especially one that has a historical record of managing disaster or emergency. In this case, the National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) that has existed under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) for almost six years; and has been conducting disaster mitigation events (e.g., preparedness, prevention, response to and recovery from) in the territorial border of Liberia, is much preferred for effective continuity.

The EPA-L would come close to handling such responsibility, considering the intrinsic and holistic relationship that runs through environmental degradation from climate variability, induced human activities and disaster in the absence of an NDMC or some sort. Interestingly, an NDMC exists under MIA, so why reinvent the wheel?

When EWS events enter the disaster stage, there must be one command structure that handles the stages of response and recovering in a coordinated fashion. Since NDMC has been functioning in this capacity for quite sometime, one would surmise that it has some level of technical expertise to deal with what is meant by “Early Warning.”

Let’s remember that the EWS at discussion is national in scope and not for a single entity in which case the scenario would be quite different in terms of scope of operation. Disaster responses are complex undertakings, depending on the frequency, and therefore need to be devoid of any potential confusion. In essence, let’s make this Early Warning System less cumbersome for effectiveness and efficiency.

If there is any inherent rationale for the creation of such a system far beyond the broader conventional overarching principal of EWS, I stand corrected. Instead of spreading out the functions or oversight institutions, let’s keep the EWS under one roof.

The current state of vulnerabilities in Liberia makes a compelling argument that the nation cannot go wrong investing in a National Disaster Management Policy (NDMP) scheme that is currently either before the Legislators in the House of Representatives or in the process of going before them.

We need to lobby the Liberian lawmakers to pass the Act creating the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA). It only makes good policy sense to protect the nation’s growing population and residents of the nation’s capital against post-war climatic conditions.

Recent reports with respect to the level of disaster vulnerabilities in Liberia are frightening. Disastrous incidents of the past including the 1981 “Camp No Way” landslide, which involved a village of more than 250 people who perished as a result of unregulated activities at the National Iron Ore Company (NIOC); the contamination of the Farmington River, Saint Paul River and adjacent tributaries operated by LAMCO, Bong Mines, and Firestone; the 2008 hazardous waste in Abidjan that also impacted the Cavalla River; the 2006 fire at the Executive Mansion; the 2009 Army worm infestation that affected over 45 villages including Bong, Lofa and nearby counties, are scary reminder of the past (FAO, 2009).

But that’s not all. The 2006 oil spill in the Borough of New Kru Town and other areas; coastal erosion, massive wave of flooding in recent times; the emerging proliferation and exploration of natural resources such as iron ore, oil, gold, and diamond and other plantation activities, are critical.

Thus, a robust EWS is necessary to educate communities and help prevent or significantly reduce climatic catastrophes. EWS is a very important system that is broadly related to disaster/emergency management for the purposes of saving lives and property.

Interestingly, this discussion of the EWS started under the banner of the “Capacity Needs Assessment in Liberia” as an extension to the “Disaster Risk Assessment in Disaster Risk Reduction” under the Nation Disaster Management Commission (NDMC), attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) in July of 2009 (UNDP, 2009).

I believe in it; and I am of the professional conviction that it should remain under NDMC. It is worth restating that the theme driving all these efforts is an excellent disaster management approach: “Re-building the hydro-meteorological station” for modern forecasting to sharpen and strengthen traditional early warning and communication as well provide local authorities and community leaders to capacity for sensitization building, awareness and utilization of these systems in terms of preparedness and contingency planning.

In October 2012, a National Disaster Management Policy (NDMP) was drafted under the guidance of MIA, awaiting Legislative approval to serve as an autonomous agency solely responsible for disaster/emergency management in Liberia. Perhaps, the Liberian government and funding partners, if need be, should help expedite the process of approving the NDMP to absorb the function of the EWS. EWS is precisely disaster-related and should be linked to the necessary entity.

The NDMC under the MIA, at least, has been promoting or touting disaster management awareness despite its share of capacity building challenges due to the lack of adequate funding. The nation and our partners should mount all efforts because it is the right thing to do, and furthermore, it is a national security issue.

If there are concerns for capacity building, then an evaluation through the concept of SWOT analysis should be conducted to identity the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, thereby making the necessary improvement for viability in this contemporary era that speaks of the nation’s high priority needs of identifying and managing risks, as a global consensus under Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) of 2005, which came out of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Japan.

In conclusion, the threat of disaster is real, particularly because of Liberia’s current levels of vulnerabilities. Only a sound policy driven entity that incorporates EWS and enforceable rules and regulation will minimize the threats discussed.

The government must take the leadership role and bring all stakeholders, including the industrial, civic and business, religious, youth communities and others together, to support a national framework of disaster prevention and minimization. After all, disaster has no demarcation nor knows any particular person when it strikes.

 

Morris T. Koffa, Sr., ABD, is a doctoral candidate in the School of Public Policy and Administration at Walden University; with concentration in Emergency and Disaster Management. He can be reached at [email protected] or 240-417-2545.